Malaysia Airline - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 643 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Tourism Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? English only July 2007 PRIVATIZATION AND RE-NATIONALIZATION OF MALAYSIA AIRLINES (Submitted by the ICAO Secretariat) 1. BACKGROUND Malaysia Airlines (MAS) was incorporated as Malaysia’s flag carrier in 1971 following the breakdown of Malaysia-Singapore Airlines partnership. Since then, MAS has continued to expand its network and fleet. By mid-1980s, MAS had a total of about 60 domestic and international destinations in its network and a fleet of over 35 aircraft. However, MAS’s balance sheet suffered especially from the loss-making domestic services where the Government rarely allowed increases in fares because of a policy of promoting trade and tourism in rural East Malaysia. 1. 1. 2. LIBERALIZATION OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 2. 1. Under the Government’s privatisation plan, MAS became the first governmental agency to go partly private in 1985. The Government sold 40 per cent to the public, including Brunei Investment Agency, while keeping total 60 per ce nt in the hands of Malaysian Central Bank Negala and local Governments. The privatization raised additional funds for MAS’s capital expenditure on aircraft fleet expansion. The Government had also considered the idea of separating the airline’s domestic and international operations into two divisions to improve the profitability of the international airline, but the plan was subsequently abandoned. In 1994, as one of the attempts to reverse the weak financial position vulnerable to rising labour costs, higher interest rates and reluctant lenders, the Central Bank sold its 32 per cent controlling stake to Malaysia Helicopter Services (changed name to Naluri in 1998) led by Tajudin Ramli1. The move eliminated the Government as the largest shareholder, although the Government continued to hold a â€Å"golden share† giving it a veto on board decisions, and State-owned entities acquired a minority stake in the airline. 3. EFFECTS AND DEVELOPMENTS 3. 1. For cons ecutive three years after privatization in 1994, MAS posted profits. Tajudin Ramli’s new commercially-oriented management forged a 7 per cent reduction of expenses in 1995 by targeting fleet utilization, fuel usage and employee composition. The domestic first class fares were increased to compensate for cumulative loses. Some transpacific flights were replaced by codesharing operations, which increased MAS’s market coverage. 1 In 1996, Naluri’s stake was diluted to 29. 09 per cent. In 1994, Naluri also acquired controlling stakes in Air Maldives and Royal Air Cambodge, but both airlines ceased operations in 2000 and 2001, respectively. (2 pages) -23. 2. In the fiscal year ended March 1998, however, MAS lost $70 million and reported more loss in the next fiscal year due to the Asian economic crisis. MAS has layed off staff, cut its fleet and arranged $100 million credit with Saudi bank for aircraft sale and lease-back. It sold major aircraft and delayed air craft deliveries up to three years. Many unprofitable international routes were suspended or their frequencies reduced with the closure of several online stations. Nevertheless, MAS has built up a debt to the tune of M$9 billion ($2. 4 billion), 30 per cent of which was attributed to the depreciation of Malaysian currency at the height of the Asian economic crisis. 3. 3. In the early 2000, financially-troubled Naluri expressed its intention to sell its 29. 09 per cent stake. To enable reater foreign investment, the Government increased the allowable foreign ownership ceiling from 30 to 45 per cent. It was reported that Qantas, Swissair Group and KLM were prospective buyers, but they all pulled out. In December 2000, Government Pension Fund acquired 9. 1% stake from Brunei Investment Agency, and the Ministry of Finance Inc. bought back 29. 09 per cent from Naluri. As a result, the total Government shareholding (including local Governments and State-owned agencies) increased to approx imately 80 per cent of MAS. During 2002, the corporate structure of MAS has been restructured by removing aircraft assets and related liabilities from MAS’s balance sheet through the transfer of economic risks and rewards of such assets and liabilities to Penerbangan Malaysia Berhad (PMB), a vehicle set up by the Ministry of Finance Inc. The costs and revenues of domestic services were also transferred to PMB. In January 2003, PMB took over the Government’s shareholding (69. 37 per cent) in MAS. – END – Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malaysia Airline" essay for you Create order

The Forms of True Bravery - 800 Words

The Forms of True Bravery Nelson Mandela once said â€Å"I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.† And fear is just a state of mind, a strong and thick barrier that prevents us from success and achieving our dreams or what we believe is right to us, but it is weak and thin when standing against courage, and once it is defeated, those barriers dissipate. But the main question is how can we conquer fear and in what form? In Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, it illustrates the forms of courage that exist in the main characters through the conflicts and barriers they constantly come across, and how they try to approach them†¦show more content†¦Atticus also used his intellectual courage to escape any harm from the mobs when they met him at the jail. â€Å"So it took an eight-year-old to bring ‘em back to their senses, didn’t it?† (p. 210) As Attic us says this to Scout the day after the mobs came across, it shows how when Scout came up to Mr. Cunningham and asked him to say hi to his son, Walter, showing her full innocence, and not knowing the mobs’ bad deeds and their eagerness to harm Atticus. Atticus knew at that moment that the mobs are still humans, and Scout’s innocence would appeal to their emotions, so he stood straight and brave, and waited for the mobs to react upon what Scout has said, and their reaction was what Atticus expected due to his intelligence, which was that the mobs have left without harming anyone. This proves Atticus’ intellectual courage. Atticus showed different forms of bravery, including moral and intellectual courage, through appealing to the high sense of morality and emotions of others. Scout’s eldest brother Jem, a really brave and challenging teenager who likes to use his physical bravery to conquer his fears. â€Å"Jem brightened. ‘Touch the house, that all?’† (p. 18) Dill bet Jem, The Gray Ghost book against two Swifts that Jem would not be able make it past the Radleys gate. But, Jem is not known to ever decline a dare, so he ran up, touched the house, and tore past Dill and Scout. 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Human Trafficking in the Caribbean Free Essays

The law is not effective in dealing with the problem of human trafficking. Discuss (using relevant International and Domestic law). According to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, Human Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by threatening or using force, or any other form of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability; or giving or receiving payments or benefits to relieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Trafficking in the Caribbean or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human Trafficking is characterized by 1. The Act (What is done) 2. The Means (How it is done) 3. The Purpose (Why it is done) People may fall victim to Human Trafficking for many purposes. One common purpose is for prostitution. Sexual labour is identified as coerced labour. Other common purposes are for child labour and the sex trade. The Vatican has described Human Trafficking as being worse than slavery and has been described as the â€Å"Silent Crime of the Caribbean†. Regional organizations such as the Association of Caribbean States, CARICOM and the Organization of American States have all expressed their displeasure at the rapid increase of human trafficking cases in the Caribbean. This growing practice impacts many nations across the world and the Caribbean has recently been drawn into what is being called a â€Å"global panic. † In the Caribbean the group causing the most concern in regards to Human Trafficking is Irregular Migrants – this includes the females transported to other locations (countries or regions) as commercial sex workers. The nature of the purpose can, without scholarly or legislative support, indicate that this is a violation of basic human rights. Caribbean governments are being asked to present an annual report to the US government outlining the steps they have taken and will take to challenge unregulated migration and forced labour, which are indicators of human trafficking. The countries are ranked according to their compliance with US’ wishes and a country that does not rank well or refuses to present a report are threatened with economic sanctions. Jamaica is among some of the countries that have been negatively ranked. However, the US government believes that Jamaica has the will and potential to improve their third tier status. Most victims of human trafficking may find themselves in situations where they fall prey to both physical and emotional abuse. Oftentimes Caribbean women are lured to the US with false promises of employment and are then sold by trafficking gangs, to the highest bidders all over the US and Europe. Caribbean states are eager to remain in good moral standing on an international platform. Hence, concerns about human trafficking in the Caribbean have increased mainly due to the idea of female prostitution and the urgency to rescue and protect a woman’s sexual purity. Makes you think, doesn’t it? Do they actually care about these issues or do they care by extension of their international image? Human trafficking is generally practised in the Caribbean in an effort to supply a demand for cheap, unskilled labour (irregular immigrants) and for sex workers in the tourist industry (irregular migrants). Human trafficking is common in many regions which are overpopulated and have high unemployment and poverty rates. According to the IOM* Legal Review concerning trafficking in the Caribbean statue laws have been put in place for the prosecution of traffickers, the protection of trafficking victims and the prevention of trafficking activities. Outside of the US and Europe, many other countries do not have the resources to put in place extensive legislation to fight human trafficking. However, there are some laws that can offer help to curb trafficking activities. The Caribbean’s inability to compare favourably with the level of the US and Europe’s fight against human trafficking is due to many economic, social, and legal factors. Some such factors are * â€Å"Law enforcement including prosecution and sentencing which may also be as a result of often using outdated criminal codes with inadequate penalties, many of which have not been reformed since the countries gained their independence. † (IOM 2005) Most Caribbean nations do have the desire to eradicate human trafficking but the state of their economies paired with their pre-independence law enforcement techniques serve as a deterrent. Of all the countries that have made an effort to combat human trafficking, Guyana has been the most successful by drafting a bill to Parliament which includes life penalties for trafficking persons, and stiff penalties for other trafficking related activities. This bill covers every eventuality concerning human trafficking. Jamaica has also introduced the Child Care and Protection Act which stipulates a penalty of ten years for trafficking children and provides protection to child victims. The provision that covers trafficking states that: 10. (1) No person shall sell or participate in the trafficking of any child†24 This leaves the rest of us at the will of traffickers, don’t you think. Unless the victim is a child, there is simply no law to cover such an eventuality. There is no legislation that criminalizes trafficking in women and children; however elements of the crime are upheld in the criminal code. But considering that some instances of human trafficking is likel y to be for sexual purposes, sexual offences law can help to prosecute criminals involved. Most Caribbean countries include in their constitutions a guaranteed freedom from forced labour and slavery. This guarantor dictates a fundamental right but does not include how it is to be implemented. This right is only enforceable against the state and not private individuals or entities, which means there is no provision for redress against actual traffickers. There are clearly inadequate provisions for victims of human trafficking, largely due to the limited resources that are available to implement these services. The â€Å"patchwork† criminal approach can continue to be used as a substitute for a better legislative system until concrete provisions are instituted to cover the eventualities of human trafficking. And even then it is recommended that the weak and inconsistent criminal laws are reformed. INTERNATIONAL LAWS AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING 1. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2. United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children 3. United Nations Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air 4. United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN. GIFT) 5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 6. Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT) * Coordinated by China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam 7. Caribbean Counter-Trafficking Model Legislation 8. Belize – Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2003 9. Guyana – Combatting of Trafficking in Persons Act 2005 How to cite Human Trafficking in the Caribbean, Essay examples

For Ielts Pratice Jassi. Essay Example For Students

For Ielts Pratice Jassi. Essay Discuss the issue of media publicity affecting people’s personal lives. Some people think publicity is essential, others think there should be means of controlling publication of private information. What is your opinion? It is often said that people over 60 should not work any more because of the problems they create the employers should make them retire. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your opinion. Many universities are offering jobs to students one year prior to their graduation from the course. Explain the advantages and disadvantages. What is your opinion? Many people think that the government should pay the tuition fees for all adults who interested in university studies. Do you agree or disagree? Your opinion? Many schoolchildren and students are taught to try to push themselves to be competitive and to do better than other students, instead of teaming up. Do the disadvantages of making students competitive outweigh the advantages? Health services are the basic necessity for a person. Private companies have made the health services quite costly for ordinary individuals. Do the advantages of private health care outweigh its disadvantages? Some people think that taking a yearly break between high school and college or university is a good thing. Do you agree or disagree? Provide examples and your experience. Not many young people living in rural areas have access to university education. Universities should make it easier for people from rural areas. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Some people think that modern inventions have brought more problems that benefits. Do you agree or disagree? Explain. Some people find commuting to and from office difficult. They say employers should allow their workers to do certain office tasks from home. What are the advantages and disadvantages of working from home? Give your opinion and examples. As technology develops, more shopping and business is done through the internet while communication face to face becomes less frequent. Is this a positive or a negative development? Many young people nowadays graduate from schools with negative attitude. Why do you think this happens? What can be done to solve or reduce this problem? Many people think that too much money is wasted on investment in technical equipment for space exploration and would be beneficial if invested elsewhere, do you agree or disagree with this statement? Some people think that criminals should stay in prison, however, others think that they need medical and psychological assistance. What is your opinion? In some countries at the age of 18 young people are allowed to drive, vote and marry. What in your opinion is the right legal age for an individual to be considered a responsible adult? Due to people’s increased consumption, the amount of waste increases continuously. What can be done to solve this problem? What is the situation in your country? What is your opinion about a success of a team: does it depend on mental attitude of the whole team or on the strongest individuals? The housing shortage today in big cities can have severe social consequences. Many people think that only government actions can solve this problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree? The number of people living today to the age of 100 is increasing steadily. What are the reasons for this? What effects does it have on individual and on society? Give reasons for your opinion. Schools should concentrate more on academic subjects which could be more beneficial for the children in the future. They should concentrate less on less important subjects such as sports and music. Do you agree or disagree? Todd Anderson’s Growth Sample EssayDiscuss both ideas and give your own opinion. Famous people play an important role in shaping the characters of others, especially young people – these well known people may act as ‘role models’ for the young. Is it a good or a bad development? Discuss. More and more people are wearing fashionable clothes. Is this a positive or negative development? Give reasons to support your answer. Some people prefer to spend their free time with people of same age group, while others prefer to spend time with people of all age groups. Discuss, include relevant examples from your experience. Many people say that air travel brings harm to the environment from air pollution, which is much higher from airplanes than from cars. Therefore it is necessary to persuade people to use cars more and air travel less. Do you agree or disagree Is an individual fully and solely responsible to save money in order to survive after their retirement? People are living longer. However, this has some implications on the aging individual and the society. What are possible effects on the individual and the society? Three pie charts about young Australians secondary school leavers in years 1980, 1990 and 2000. Each pie showed the proportion of school leavers that continued studying, were employed or unemployed. Write a report to a university lecturer describing the pie charts below. People nowadays are not as fit and healthy as people were in the past. What is the long term effect on health? What may be the reasons? What can be done about it? Newspapers and magazines will not be available in the near future because large amounts of information from the Internet will replace them. Do you agree or disagree? Give some examples from your own experience. Technology progression has a negative impact on us. To what extent to you agree or disagree with this statement? In some countries a number of animal and plant species is declining. What are the reasons? What can be done to solve this problem? Some people think that the only way to make a good career is to enter a college/university after school. Others prefer getting a job straight after school graduation. Discuss. Some people say that fashion for young people is becoming an important thing. This is causing a problem for the society and has its negative effects on young people. Do you agree or disagree? Give examples from your experience.